What scenario constitutes both a breach of confidentiality and a violation of privacy?

In the context of ethical research practices, both confidentiality and privacy are critical aspects that must be safeguarded. A scenario that constitutes a breach of confidentiality occurs when identifiable data is disclosed without appropriate authorization. In the situation where a faculty member shares identifiable data about sexual behavior with graduate students, there is a clear violation of confidentiality, as the data reveals sensitive information about individuals that is not meant to be shared publicly.

Moreover, privacy violations occur when personal information or behaviors are disseminated without the individuals' consent. Discussing identifiable data regarding sexual behavior not only breaks confidentiality but also infringes on the participants' right to privacy. Individuals have the right to keep such sensitive information private, and sharing it without consent can lead to embarrassment, stigmatization, or other negative repercussions.

In contrast, the other options do not equally constitute both breaches. For instance, a researcher refusing to report findings that lack statistical significance does not involve a confidentiality or privacy breach, as no identifiable data is shared. Recording interactions between subjects without consent raises significant ethical concerns regarding privacy but does not necessarily involve a breach of confidentiality unless identifiable data is shared afterward. Lastly, participants withdrawing from a study after data collection does not implicate confidentiality or privacy breaches as the data has already been collected and is